Constitutional Culture and the Failure of Norm Internalization in Bangladesh

Abstract

This study explores the constitutional culture of Bangladesh and the persistent failure of norm internalization that undermines democratic governance. Despite the Constitution of 1972 providing comprehensive guarantees for fundamental rights, checks and balances, and participatory governance, political practices, institutional weaknesses, and socio-economic disparities have hindered the internalization of constitutional norms. Key challenges identified include executive dominance, politicization of institutions, erosion of civil liberties, electoral irregularities, and patron-client networks, which collectively weaken public trust and impede effective constitutional compliance. The study highlights the critical role of judicial independence, electoral integrity, civic education, and civil society engagement in promoting constitutional awareness and norm internalization. It recommends a combination of legal, institutional, and civic reforms, including strengthening democratic institutions, protecting civil liberties, enhancing civic education, ensuring electoral transparency, and promoting political tolerance. The findings emphasize that a robust constitutional culture is essential for sustainable democratic governance, rule of law, and citizen empowerment in Bangladesh. Keywords: Constitutional culture, Norm internalization, Democratic governance, Bangladesh, Rule of law, Civic education, Institutional reform, Civil liberties, Electoral integrity, Political accountability.